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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autoxidation</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Autoxidation</b> bezeichnet eine <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> durch Luft<a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">sauerstoff</a>. Die Autoxidation verläuft sehr langsam und ohne merkliche Wärmeentwicklung oder Flammenerscheinung, im Gegensatz zur <a href="Verbrennung_(Chemie)" title="Verbrennung (Chemie)">Verbrennung</a>. Dabei werden aus oxidationssensiblen Substanzen Oxide gebildet. Solche Oxide sind z. B.: <a href="Alkohole" title="Alkohole">Alkohole</a>, <a href="Aldehyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehyd">Aldehyde</a>, <a href="Ketone" title="Ketone">Ketone</a> und <a href="Carbons%C3%A4uren" title="Carbonsäuren">Carbonsäuren</a>. Aus Substanzen mit Doppelbindungen wie z. B. <a href="Linols%C3%A4ure" title="Linolsäure">Linolsäure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kohlenwasserstoffe" title="Kohlenwasserstoffe">Kohlenwasserstoffen</a> oder geruchsaktiven Stoffen aus der Gruppe der <a href="Terpene" title="Terpene">Terpene</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> werden zunächst <a href="Hydroperoxide" title="Hydroperoxide">Hydroperoxide</a> gebildet. Diese oxidierten Produkte können langsam zu ihrer nächsten <a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationsstufe</a> weiterreagieren. Die Reaktion wird durch Licht, insbesondere ultraviolettes Licht, und Spuren von Metallen wesentlich beschleunigt. Die Autoxidation ist ein Grund für das Altern von Materialien an der Luft. Bei Metallen wird der Prozess meist als <a href="Korrosion" title="Korrosion">Korrosion</a> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auftreten">Auftreten</h2></div>
<p>Typische Beispiele sind das Ausbleichen von Farben, die Alterung von <a href="Kunststoff" title="Kunststoff">Kunststoffen</a>, das Ranzigwerden von <a href="Fette" title="Fette">Speisefett</a> und das Aushärten oxidativ trocknender <a href="Lack" title="Lack">Lacke</a>. Das klassische Lehrbuchbeispiel ist die Bildung von explosiven <a href="Peroxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxid">Peroxiden</a> aus <a href="Ether" title="Ether">Ethern</a> (z. B. <a href="Diethylether" title="Diethylether">Diethylether</a>, <a href="Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">Tetrahydrofuran</a>) beim längeren Stehen an der Luft.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanismus">Mechanismus</h2></div>
<p>Die Autoxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen, z. B. <a href="Cyclohexan" title="Cyclohexan">Cyclohexan</a>, ist eine <a href="Radikalkettenreaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Radikalkettenreaktion">Radikalkettenreaktion</a>, bei der eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Teilreaktionen abläuft. Zunächst reagiert ein Initiatorradikal mit Sauerstoff unter Bildung eines Peroxyradikals.
Dieses Peroxyradikal abstrahiert ein Wasserstoffatom aus einer Alkylkette, was zu einem Hydroperoxid und einem Alkylradikal führt.
Das Alkylradikal reagiert wiederum mit Sauerstoff zu einem Peroxyradikal.
Durch diesen Prozess werden zunächst Hydroperoxide (ROOH) gebildet, die unter Bruch der O–O-Bindung zu je einem Alkoxyradikal und <a href="Hydroxyl-Radikal" title="Hydroxyl-Radikal">Hydroxyl-Radikal</a> (OH<sup>•</sup>) zerfallen können. Diese Radikale können weitere H-Atome vom Substrat abstrahieren und dadurch Alkohol (ROH) bzw. Wasser (H<sub>2</sub>O) und Alkylradikale bilden. Letztere reagieren wiederum mit Sauerstoff zu Peroxyradikalen. Weil durch diesen Prozess die quasistationäre Konzentration der Kettenträger (Peroxylradikale ROO<sup>•</sup>) ansteigt, laufen Autoxidationen schneller ab bei hoher ROOH-Konzentration.
Sauerstoff selbst ist zwar ein Diradikal, reagiert aber bei Raumtemperatur nicht mit Kohlenwasserstoffen, da die Bildung eines Alkylradikals und eines Hydroperoxylradikals aus Sauerstoff und Alkan <a href="Endotherme_Reaktion" title="Endotherme Reaktion">endotherm</a> ist und eine sehr hohe Aktivierungsbarriere hat.
</p><p><br>
</p><p><b>Kettenstart</b>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+RH\ {\xrightarrow {Energie}}\ RO{\cdot }+{\cdot }OH+RH\ \longrightarrow {}\ RO{\cdot }+H_{2}O+R{\cdot }\quad } }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+RH\ {\xrightarrow {Energie}}\ RO{\cdot }+{\cdot }OH+RH\ \longrightarrow {}\ RO{\cdot }+H_{2}O+R{\cdot }\quad } }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aac6804cfd2a7ac37671c2f838c2654e0df845c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.367ex; width:64.153ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+RH\ \xrightarrow {Energie} \ RO{\cdot }+{\cdot }OH+RH\ \longrightarrow {}\ RO{\cdot }+H_{2}O+R{\cdot }\quad } }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {RO{\cdot }+RH\ {\xrightarrow {H-Abstraktion}}\ R{\cdot }+ROH\quad } }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {RO{\cdot }+RH\ {\xrightarrow {H-Abstraktion}}\ R{\cdot }+ROH\quad } }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/158b18b8cd58d601cc013ddc74e4f343475a0be3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-top: -0.441ex; width:36.84ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {RO{\cdot }+RH\ \xrightarrow {H-Abstraktion} \ R{\cdot }+ROH\quad } }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><br>
<b>Kettenfortpflanzung</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {R{^{\cdot }}+O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {schnell}}\ ROO{^{\cdot }}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {R{^{\cdot }}+O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {schnell}}\ ROO{^{\cdot }}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6c46d3041d680272ef4b829a8a76fe0eb8bd8f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.309ex; width:21.455ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {R{^{\cdot }}+O_{2}\ \xrightarrow {schnell} \ ROO{^{\cdot }}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROO{^{\cdot }}+RH\ {\xrightarrow {H-Abstraktion}}\ ROOH+{^{\cdot }}R} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROO{^{\cdot }}+RH\ {\xrightarrow {H-Abstraktion}}\ ROOH+{^{\cdot }}R} }</annotation>
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<p><br>
<b>Kettenabbruch</b>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2ROO{^{\cdot }}\ {\xrightarrow {}}\ 2RO{^{\cdot }}+O_{2}\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROH+QO+O_{2}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2ROO{^{\cdot }}\ {\xrightarrow {}}\ 2RO{^{\cdot }}+O_{2}\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROH+QO+O_{2}} }</annotation>
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<p><br>
<b>Alkohol- und Ketonbildung</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+ROO{^{\cdot }}\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+Q{^{\cdot }}OOH\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+QO+^{\cdot }OH} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f9f917034a9d7c37b188b893637f7b86797fdd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:66.817ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+ROO{^{\cdot }}\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+Q{^{\cdot }}OOH\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+QO+^{\cdot }OH} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+QO+^{\cdot }OH+RH\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+QO+H_{2}O+R^{\cdot }\ \longrightarrow {}\ RO^{\cdot }+ROH+QO+H_{2}O} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+QO+^{\cdot }OH+RH\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+QO+H_{2}O+R^{\cdot }\ \longrightarrow {}\ RO^{\cdot }+ROH+QO+H_{2}O} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/110d6a22ed63db160fe29a27712dfb44346aa177.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:91.843ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ROOH+QO+^{\cdot }OH+RH\ \longrightarrow {}\ ROOH+QO+H_{2}O+R^{\cdot }\ \longrightarrow {}\ RO^{\cdot }+ROH+QO+H_{2}O} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><br>
Das Keton (QO) wird bei einfachen Substraten (z. B. Cyclohexan) nicht durch Primärreaktionen, sondern wie im obigen Schema gezeigt durch sekundäre Weiterreaktionen mit ROOH, gebildet. Das zwischenzeitlich auftretende Radikal Q<sup>•</sup>OOH ist nicht stabil: Es eliminiert ein Hydroxylradikal und wird zum Keton QO. Der Alkohol (ROH) kann in einer anschließenden Käfigreaktion (reaktive Teilchen dicht beieinander) gebildet werden. Weil es sich bei Autoxidationen um Kettenreaktionen handelt, reicht die Geschwindigkeit des Kettenabbruchs nicht aus, um die hohen Alkohol- und Ketonwerte zu erklären.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit">Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit</h2></div>
<p>Im quasistationären ("steady state") Zustand ist die Radikalkonzentration konstant, das heißt die Geschwindigkeit des Kettenstarts ist identisch mit derjenigen des Kettenabbruchs.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {r_{init}=k_{init}\cdot [ROOH]=k_{term}\cdot [ROO^{\cdot }]^{2}} }">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abgrenzung">Abgrenzung</h2></div>
<p>In manchen Quellen wird jede Oxidation mit Luftsauerstoff als Autoxidation bezeichnet, also auch die Verbrennung und enzymatische Prozesse wie das Modern von Holz.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. A. Pratt, K. A. Tallman, N. A. Porter: <i>Free radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids: New mechanistic insights and the development of peroxyl radical clocks.</i> In: <i>Acc Chem Res.</i> 44(6), 21. Jun 2011, S. 458–467. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21486044?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21486044</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Hagvall, M. Sköld, J. Bråred-Christensson, A. Börje, A. T. Karlberg: <i>Lavender oil lacks natural protection against autoxidation, forming strong contact allergens on air exposure.</i> In: <i><a href="Contact_Dermatitis" title="Contact Dermatitis">Contact Dermatitis</a></i>. 59(3), Sep 2008, S. 143–150. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18759894?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18759894</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. V. Berezin, E. T. Denisov: <i>The Oxidation of Cyclohexane.</i> Pergamon Press, New York 1996.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Hermans, T. L. Nguyen, P. A. Jacobs, J. Peeters: <i>ChemPhysChem.</i> 6, 2005, S. 637–645.</span>
</li>
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